Algorithm, types of algorithms. Algorithmization of the search for legal information. The algorithm, on behalf of the scientist al-Khwarizmi, is an exact set of instructions that describe the procedure for the performer to achieve the result of solving the problem for a set of instructions that describe how
Algorithm, on behalf of the scientist al-Khwarizmi (pers. خوارزمی ) - an exact set of instructions describing the procedure for the performer to achieve the result of solving the problem in a finite time. In the old interpretation, the word “sequence” was used instead of the word “order”, but as parallelism in the work of computers developed, the word “sequence” began to be replaced by the more general word “order”. This is due to the fact that the work of some instructions of the algorithm may be dependent on other instructions or the results of their work. Thus, some instructions must be executed strictly after the execution of the instructions on which they depend. Independent instructions, or instructions made independent by the completion of instructions on which they depend, can be executed in any order, in parallel, or simultaneously, if the processor and operating system used allows it.
There is no single “true” definition of the concept of “algorithm”.
“An algorithm is a finite set of rules that determines the sequence of operations for solving a specific set of problems and has five important features: finiteness, certainty, input, output, efficiency.” (D.E. Knuth)
“An algorithm is any system of calculations performed according to strictly defined rules, which, after a certain number of steps, leads to the solution of the problem.” (A. Kolmogorov)
"An algorithm is a precise prescription that defines a computational process that goes from varying inputs to a desired result." (A. Markov)
"An algorithm is an exact prescription for the execution in a certain order of a certain system of operations leading to the solution of all problems of a given type." (Philosophical Dictionary / Under the editorship of M. M. Rosenthal)
“An algorithm is a strictly deterministic sequence of actions that describes the process of transforming an object from an initial state to a final state, written using commands understandable to the executor.” (Nikolai Dmitrievich Ugrinovich, textbook "Computer Science and Information Technologies")
Types of algorithms
A special role is played by applied algorithms designed to solve certain applied problems. An algorithm is considered correct if it meets the requirements of the problem (for example, it gives a physically plausible result). An algorithm (program) contains errors if for some initial data it gives incorrect results, failures, failures, or does not give any results at all. The last thesis is used in algorithmic programming competitions to evaluate the programs compiled by the participants.
An important role is played by recursive algorithms (algorithms that call themselves until some return condition is reached). Since the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, parallel algorithms have been actively developed for computers capable of performing several operations simultaneously.
Depending on the task and the sequence of steps performed, the following types of algorithms are distinguished:
1. Linear - the steps of the algorithm follow one after another without repeating, actions occur only in one predetermined sequence.
Algorithm blocks 1, 2, 3 are executed exactly in this sequence, after which the algorithm reaches the goal and ends.
2. Branching Algorithm - depending on the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the condition, either one or the other branch of the algorithm is executed.
In this algorithm, the condition is checked, and if it is satisfied, that is, the question can be answered "Yes", block 1 of the algorithm is executed (whether one or more actions), and if not, the answer to the question is negative, then block 2 is executed.
Note: one of the blocks: 1 or 2 may not exist at all. Then in one of the cases, some actions will be performed, and in the other, nothing will be performed.
Algorithm block 1 will be executed one or more times until the condition is met.
The algorithm is executed as follows: block 1 is executed, the condition is checked, if it is not satisfied, then block 1 is executed again and the condition is checked again. When the condition is met, the algorithm ends.
Note: in the general scheme of the algorithm, "Yes" and "No" can be interchanged, then the algorithm will be executed as long as the condition is met. As soon as the condition is not met, the algorithm will terminate.
Formal properties of algorithms
Various definitions of the algorithm, explicitly or implicitly, contain the following set of general requirements:
§ Discreteness - the algorithm should represent the process of solving the problem as a sequential execution of some simple steps. At the same time, each step of the algorithm requires a finite period of time, that is, the transformation of the initial data into the result is carried out discretely in time.
§ Determinacy (definiteness). At each moment of time, the next step of work is uniquely determined by the state of the system. Thus, the algorithm produces the same result (answer) for the same input data. In the modern interpretation, different implementations of the same algorithm must have an isomorphic graph. On the other hand, there are probabilistic algorithms in which the next step of work depends on the current state of the system and the generated random number. However, when the random number generation method is included in the list of "input data", the probabilistic algorithm becomes a subspecies of the usual one.
§ Clarity - the algorithm for the performer should include only those commands that are available to him (the performer), which are included in his command system.
§ Termination (finiteness) - with correctly specified initial data, the algorithm must complete the work and give the result in a finite number of steps. [ source not specified 320 days] On the other hand, a probabilistic algorithm may never produce a result, but the probability of this is 0.
§ Mass character (universality). The algorithm must be applicable to different sets of initial data.
§ Efficiency - completion of the algorithm with certain results.
§ The algorithm contains errors if it leads to incorrect results or does not give results at all.
§ An algorithm is error-free if it produces correct results for any valid input.
Keeping information banks of reference and legal systems up to date consists of three closed technological processes, namely:
- introduction of new documents into the information bank;
-creation and introduction of new editions of documents into the information bank;
- making changes and additions to the documents in the information bank.
Each of these processes consists of sequentially performed steps:
INITIAL PROCESSING STAGE
1.1. Registration of the received document
1.2. Viewing Periodicals
2. Document processing by lawyers
3. Preparation of the text of the document
3.1 Creating an electronic image of a document
3.2 Design, spell check
3.3 Proofreading text with a proofreader
4. Putting down hypertext links
5. Filling out the search card of the document
6. Prepare the document for download in its original format
7. Final check by automated means of finding errors
8. Entering into the information bank
9. What is the architecture and structure of a computer. Describe the principle of "open architecture".
Computer architecture (Computer architecture, English computer architecture) - the conceptual structure of a computer, which determines the processing of information and includes methods for converting information into data and the principles of interaction between hardware and software.
Currently, the most widespread in computers are 2 types of architecture: Princeton (Neumann) And Harvard. Both of them distinguish 2 main computer nodes: the central processing unit and computer memory. The difference lies in the memory structure: in the Princeton architecture, programs and data are stored in the same memory array and transferred to the processor through a single channel, while the Harvard architecture provides separate storage and transmission streams for instructions and data.
A more detailed description that defines a specific architecture also includes: a block diagram of a computer, means and methods for accessing elements of this block diagram, organization and bit depth of computer interfaces, a set and accessibility of registers, organization of memory and methods of addressing it, a set and format of machine instructions of the processor , data representation methods and formats, interrupt handling rules.
According to the listed features and their combinations, among the architectures there are:
§ According to the bitness of interfaces and machine words: 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-, 128-bit (a number of computers have other bits);
§ According to the features of the set of registers, the format of commands and data: CISC, RISC, VLIW;
§ By the number of central processors: uniprocessor, multiprocessor, superscalar;
§ multiprocessor based on the principle of interaction with memory: symmetric multiprocessor (SMP), massively parallel (MPP), distributed.
The architecture of a computer is its description at some general level, including a description of user programming capabilities, command systems, addressing systems, memory organization, etc. The architecture determines the principles of operation, information links and interconnection of the main logical nodes of a computer: processor, random access memory, external memory and peripheral devices. The common architecture of different computers ensures their compatibility from the user's point of view.
The structure of a computer is the totality of its functional elements and the connections between them. Elements can be a variety of devices - from the main logical nodes of a computer to the simplest circuits. The structure of a computer is graphically represented in the form of block diagrams, which can be used to describe the computer at any level of detail.
January 15, 2016
GLOSSARY. GLOSSARY. Algorithm - a set of instructions describing the procedure for the performer to achieve the result of solving the problem. An algorithm is a set of instructions that describe a course of action
performer to achieve the result of solving the problem for the final
number. An algorithm is a set of instructions that describe the procedure for an executor to achieve the result of solving a problem in a finite number of steps (Wikipedia).
Algorithmization. Combinatorics. Algorithmization is the process of compiling algorithms for solving applied problems.
*Algorithm - an exact set of instructions that describe the procedure for achieving a result, solving a problem in a finite time. Algorithm - a set of instructions that describe the order of actions of the performer
to achieve the result of solving the problem in a finite time.
An algorithm is an exact set of instructions that describe the order of actions of a certain executor to achieve a result, solving a certain problem in a finite number of steps. Basic properties of algorithms: Clarity for the performer - the performer of the algorithm must understand how to execute it. In other words, having an algorithm and an arbitrary version of the initial data, the performer must know how to act to execute this algorithm. Discreteness (discontinuity, separation) - the algorithm should represent the process of solving the problem as a sequential execution of simple (or previously defined) steps (stages). Certainty - each rule of the algorithm must be clear, unambiguous and leave no room for arbitrariness. Due to this property, the execution of the algorithm is mechanical in nature and does not require any additional instructions or information about the problem being solved.
An algorithm, on behalf of the scientist al-Khwarizmi, is an exact set of instructions that describe the procedure for the performer to achieve the result of solving a problem in a finite time. Algorithm definitions. There is no single “true” definition of the concept of “algorithm”. An algorithm is an exact set of instructions that describe the order of actions of some executor to achieve a result. Currently, the term "algorithm" means a set of instructions that describe the procedure for the performer to achieve the result of solving the problem in a finite number of actions.
Algorithm - a set of instructions that describe the procedure for the performer to achieve the result of solving the problem in a finite number of actions. In the old interpretation, instead of the word "order", the word "sequence" was used. An algorithm is a precise set of instructions describing how some performer should act to achieve a result.
Efficiency (or finiteness) consists in the fact that in a finite number of steps the algorithm must either lead to a solution of the problem, or after a finite number of steps it must stop due to the impossibility of obtaining a solution with the issuance of an appropriate message, or continue indefinitely during the time allotted for the execution of the algorithm , with intermediate results. Mass character means that the algorithm for solving the problem is developed in a general form, i.e., the initial data can be selected from a certain area, which is called the area of applicability of the algorithm. To record the algorithm for solving the problem, the following methods are used: verbal-formular description; algorithm diagram, compiled using graphic blocks (block diagram); algorithmic programming languages; pseudocode.
Алгоритм — Р'икипедияМатериал РёР· Р'икипедии — СЃРІРѕР±РѕРґРЅРѕР№ энциклопедииАлгори́тм — набор инструкций , Rfriryos ‹° ° ° Сћ ° Сћ ‰ ase ... Рї с Сџ Рґ Рґ Рґ Рґ Р № Ро Рон ё ѕ € € € € · ° С · ° С · ° С · ° С ° ° ° ° С ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° a P ° С ‡ · p ° p ° РРѕР ‡ ѕ ѕ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡r рhr №s С ѓs panir №, rhesђreyo p "± РѕРј ° ° ° ° ° ° ѵРРО на‹ ‹ven °‹ ° С ѕhh ‹С .... Р' старой трактовке вместо слова «порядок» использовалось слово «последовательност СЊВ», РЅРѕ РїРѕ мере развития параллельности РІ работе компьютеров слово «последовател СЊРЅРѕЃС‚СЊВ» стали заменять более общим словом «порядок». RS‚R* SЃRІSSP·R°РЅРѕ СЃ тем, что работа каких- то инструкРѶРѠРёР№ алгМС☕ Rµs ‚p ± with‹ s, p · p ° rureyriere ° ° C ‚rґsђsѓrіrsh ... rifѓsmans † † river" Ryu · sr "° Cm, ° Рё Р ± Р ѕ С ѕs, Таким образом, некоторые инструкции должны выполняться строго после завершения работы инструкций, РѕС‚ которых РѕРЅРё зависят. RќrµR · P ° RIRYOSAYARYKHARES ‹PLEY ERHAXMANMANSHACAR † Rero ore ryrѕsmans † † Rero, sѓsman ° € € € · r ven‹ · · r · r · r · r · r · p ° r ° r · p ° ° ° ° rf ° r s ° ° ° ° ° ° 000 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °Р±РѕС‚С‹ инструкций, РѕС‚ которых РѕРЅРё зависят, РјРѕРіСѓС‚ выполняться РІ произвольном РїРѕСЂСЏРґРєРµ, параллельно или одновременно, если это позволяют используемые процессор Рё операционная система. Р P°РЅРµРµ часто писали «алгорифм», сейчас такое написание РёСЂРїРїРЕ Sѓsr ђrirl, rhrѕ, r, r pan, r ѕpµ јr ј јr ј ј ј ј ‚‚ ј ј ј ј ј ј ѕhh ° ° rmc, ° Сђrer ° С # ° С ° Р ° С ° Сјrrrrrr. R pine ° Сѓs pan Рі ° ° С ‡ РµS °s panels р rysѓr »Р ѕiresmarn‹ ‹Сѓ С ѓ ° # ° R‚ ‚С С с С јr ј ј ° rf (p. RѕPRAR ° CђRѕP ‹№ sѓsmun ° ° РѕРѕ °, with € € РіР № ° ° Сџ ° С € ° € ° °), rѕrѕrѕr ° ° С ° Р» РіРѕ ° ° ° Рµ ° 3 ° ° °. относится Рє компьютерным программам, так, например, С‡С'тко описанный рецепт приготовления Р ± p »sћr ° С1 ° °¶r¶r џrir» Рџ РС ° Р ° ° Сђ ° vel ° river, ° ° єrѕr "sѓs ° p ° ruporspers" r ѕrez. человек.
Понятие алгоритма относится Рє первоначальным, основным, базисным понятиям математики. Р'ычислительные процессы алгоритмического характера (арифметические дей ствия над целыми числами, нахождение наибольшего общего делителя РґРІСѓС … чисел Рё С‚. Рґ.) известны человечеству СЃ РіР» СѓР±РѕРєРѕР№ древРСРњСЃЃЃ
Pћrrѕr ° ° Р є џ џrіrѕhrѕhrјhrґhr Рї РїРѕ ° С ° ° ° С ° С il ° ° Rrue ° ° С „rasђrсrѕrѕr ° ° С »€ ‡ ‡ ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° rp ° rp ° rp ° rp ° rp. P§P°CЃC‚PёS‡PSR°СЏ S„PѕSЂRјR°P”PёP·R°С†РёСЏ понятия R°P”РіРѕСЂРёС‚RјR° PSP°С‡R°P”асятия R°P”РіРѕСЂРёС‚RјR° РSP°С‡R°R”асяS‚РїСЏ ‚РѕРє решения проблемы разрешения (нем. Entscheidungsproblem), которую сформулировал Давид Гильберт РІ 1 .
РіРѕРґСѓ. Следующие этапы формализации были необходимы для определения СЌС„С„РµРєС‚РёРІРЅС ‹С… вычислений или «эффективного метода»; Сѓsђrµrґrey ° ° ° ° ... С Рѕsђrr ° ° Р ° С · ° С ° ° С ђ ђ ђ ђ ђr РРєSѓSѓSѓSѓRIRIRѕS † СѓРѕРє † едrµr "± Сђr ° ° ° °. Pyo 1. 93. 5 PіPi., O"- PöCЃC‡PeCЃP"PµPSRёRµPђP"PsPSP·P* PgC'CЂC‡P°1. Рі., «ормулировка 1. »миля Поста1.
РіРѕРґР° Рё машина РўСЊСЋСЂРёРЅРіР°. Р' методологии алгоритм является базисным понятием Рё получает качественно РЅРѕРІРѕРµ РїРѕРЅСЏС‚ RERPL ° ° Р ѕ ѕrїsmunk ° ° »° РѕРѕРѓ ° С‚ јr јr јrµ јr ± r ± r "rir¶rµrѕRISHRIRIRѕP · RESѓRARјRARѕRCARPAP ° P ° IP" C ћP1. Р' современном РјРёСЂРµ алгоритм РІ формализованном выражении составляет РѕСЃРЅРѕРІСѓ образования РЅР° примерах, РїРѕ РїРѕРґРѕР±РёСЋ.
Современное формальное определение алгоритма было дано РІ 3. Рµ РіРѕРґС‹ XX века РІ работах РўСЊСЋСЂРёРЅРіР °, Поста, Р§С'рча (тезис Р§С'рча — РўСЊСЋСЂРёРСЂРіР°), Рќ. Р'инера, Рђ. Рђ. Маркова.
Само слово «алгоритм» РїСЂРѕРёСЃС…РѕРґРёС‚ РѕС‚ имени хорезмского СѓС‡С'РЅРѕРіРѕ РђР±Сѓ Абдуллах РњСѓС…Р° ммеда РёР±РЅ РњСѓСЃР° аль- Хорезми (алгоритм — аль- Хорезми). Около 8. 25 РіРѕРґР° РѕРЅ написал сочинение, РІ котором впервые дал описание придуманной РІ РРЅРґРёРё позиционной РґРµСЃСЏС‚РёС ‡РЅРѕР№ системы счисления. Рљ сожалению, персидский РѕСЂРёРіРіРёРал РєРЅРёРіРё PSPµ сохранился.
Аль- Хорезми сформулировал правила вычислений РІ РЅРѕРІРѕР№ системе Рё, вероятно, впервые использова R »† REOS“ CHCѓ 0 p ”Cџ r ± p · r · r ° С ‡ РµPrѕRESџPѕRASASAS ‰PѕRѕPѕRѕP · river · river · p ° r. вание арабы перевели как as-sifr или просто sifr, отсюда ткккк са°а° ифра» Рё «шифр”). RџSHROR ± P »RER · RESMR" sњrѕrѕ р ќ ќ ќ ќ ¶r ¶ ¶r іsђrµrјrјsrґrґrґrth № „Сђ ‹S ‹S ‹P ° С ° rf ° С ° ° Сѓsѓrіrіrirl ‡C'RSC‹Pµ. Р’ первой половине XII века РєРЅРёРіР° аль- Хорезми РІ латинском переводе проникла РІ Р РІСЂРѕРїСѓ. Переводчик, РёРјСЏ которого РґРѕ нас РЅРµ дошло, дал ей название Algoritmi de numero Indorum («Алгоритмы Рѕ СЃС‡С' те РёРРґРёР№СЃРєРѕРјВ”). РџРѕ- Китаб аль- джеR±СЂ валь- мукааРP "R ° (В" РљРЅРёРіР ° Рѕ СЃР "ожении Рё вычитанииВ"). R r · rѕs organizer ° ° ° Р »СњPRѕRIRѕ рP ° ° · r ° °џџ єrіrtyreyo Рїysђrѕr‚ ‚‚ ‚rhirѕ in" P ° r "rir ° ° V" (p ° r "s" s "s" s "С њ ґr¶r" " восполнеРРЅРёРµ».
R rhr ° Рererј Р ± ° ° Р · r · p · p · ‹S ‹rirґrerј, С ‡ С.1 ° С ° ° · river ° ° РѕРѕРѕР ёр Сђ С М Р ° С ‡r ° Rr. R »r ‹P ѕPµSѓRѕRѕRѕ · r · p ° °» ° Rirorµ єrіryreyo, ry sѓrirlѕrґrѕrѕs ° ° ° РµSmansџsѓs, С ‡ Сѓ ° ° ° ° С ° ° rthm R»P* PІ RµPISЂRѕRїRµR#SЃRєRёRµ SSP·S‹RєPyo RёRјRµРЅРЅРѕ P±R»P°РіRѕRґR°СЂСЏ этому сочинеРРЅРЅ. Однако РІРѕРїСЂРѕСЃ Рѕ его смысле длительное время вызывал ожесточённые СЃРїРѕСЂС‹.
РќР° протяжении РјРЅРѕРіРёС… веков происхождению слова давались самые разные объяснения. РћРЅРё выводили algorism РёР· греческих algiros (больной) Рё arithmos (число). P r · s, ° ° РРѕР ѕ ѕ ѕ ѕ ѕ ± ± Сљ Сѓ Сѓ ѓ ѕ ѕ ѕ µ ѕ ѕ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ Сџ џ џ ѕ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ river ° ° rirr # ± p ± p ± p ± p ±P ‹S ‹Rµv". PP»Ryo R¶Pµ R»PёPSRіRІРёСЃС‚ам R±РѕР»СЊРЅС‹РјРё казались люди, имеющие несющие РЅРµСРуС‡Р°СЊС °С‚СЊСЃСЏ вычислениями? Ryirѕs ‘r ± Сљ Сљ Сѓ Сѓ РѓР ѕР ї ї ї ° µ ° Сіyr ° ° Сќr ° Сќr ° Rerєrґrґrґreys ‡ ruporsky ѓr ° ° °srѕrikr ° C ol ° Cr · r С С С · · rf ° Rrrr · r. ° Cr · r. ° Cr · r. ° Cr · r. R 'r ѕs'rј r ° p »РіРѕСђ„ „ј ј ° ° С ° С ° ° С ђr ђrµrerѕp † † ryosѓrѕr · rѕrir ° ° С ѕ ° ° µ ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° r µ ° ° ° ° ° μ · C “ROECHNAM) RASHRARRIRER · RIRѕRERESASѓSџS in“ R ѕs ‚p ° ° C ° r ± sѓrѕrirѕcr” Rѕrr ° ° R-r-“rѕsђrirl, rimes µSѓSASASH”.
P R°P SѓRјRµRµS‚СЃСЏ, эти РѕР±СЉСЏСЃРЅРµРЅРёС РІСЂСЏРґ ли можно СЃС‡RµСЃС‚РъРѓРЅРБРёС‘» Упомянутый выше перевод сочинения аль- Хорезми стал первой ласточкой, Рё РІ течение нескольких следующих столетий появилось множество РґСЂСѓРіРёС… трудов, РїРѕСЃРІСЏС‰С'нных РІСЃС' тому же РІРѕРїСЂРѕСЃСѓ †” обучению искусству СЃС‡С'та СЃ помощью цифр. Р РІСЃРµ РѕРЅРё РІ названии имели слово algoritmi или algorismi.
РџСЂРѕ аль- Хорезми позднейшие авторы ничего РЅРµ знали, РЅРѕ поскольку первый перевод РєРЅРёРіРё начинается словами: В«Dixit algorizmi: ВЂ¦В» P»Pё SЌS‚Ps SЃR»PsPIRs SЃ PёRјRµPSRµRј PєPsPsPєSЂRµS‚PsPsPiPs S‡PµP»PsPІRµRєR°. Psy ‡ еоќ ° ° ° Сѓrїrѕrѕr ° ° C ° ° ° С‘rѕhrѕp # r ± С ° r ° r ° instinct rysђr ‡ РµSѓrѕRјRASHARARICARSAS ...P¶RґRPRIRARIRIRIRIERS. P ° rѕrir ”rѕ-rѕpѕsђrјr ° ° РѓРѓРѕРѕicles № sђrѕrѕrriyresya XIII RIRHR °, phr ° ° ° РіР ѓ ј ° С ..., С ° СР µ · r. R» RїSЂRёRґSѓRјR°PS PІ R“реции. PC‚R* C‡R°CЃS‚SЊ R°SЂReS„RјRµS‚RёRєPё. RџSHRORYARґSHARAR ° RF ± С ‹‹ ‹‹ ј ј ° ° °s pan, rїrѕrѕrј ryr ryr ёрr ђr »· · · · ј С ј С.1 ° С # ° r ° ° ° С ° °rіrѕs‘ reresџ. R RїRѕSЃRєRѕR»СЊРєСѓ его звали РђR»РіРѕСЂРёР·Рј.
PћRS PSP°P·PIP°P" СЃРІРѕСЋ РєРЅРёРіСѓ В"РђР"РіРѕСЂРёР·РјВ". RћRєRѕR»Rs 1. 25.
Algorithm Algorithm, on behalf of the scientist al-Khwarizmi, is an exact set of instructions describing the procedure for the performer to achieve the result of solving a problem in a finite time. In the old interpretation, instead of the word "order" the word "sequence" was used, but as the development of parallelism in the work of computers, the word "sequence" began to be replaced by the more general word "order". This is due to the fact that the operation of some instructions of the algorithm may be dependent on other instructions or the results of their work.
Thus, some statements must be executed strictly after the execution of the statement on which they depend. Independent instructions, or instructions made independent by the completion of instructions on which they depend, can be executed in any order, in parallel, or simultaneously, if the processor and operating system used allow it.
Often, some mechanism acts as an executor (computer, lathe, sewing machine), but the concept of an algorithm does not necessarily apply to computer programs, for example, a clearly described recipe for preparing a dish is also an algorithm, in which case the executor is a person. Algorithm definitions. There is no single “true” definition of the concept of “algorithm”. An algorithm is a finite set of rules that determines the sequence of operations for solving a specific set of problems and has five important features: finiteness, certainty, input, output, efficiency. An algorithm is any system of calculations performed according to strictly defined rules, which, after a certain number of steps, leads to the solution of a given problem. An algorithm is an exact prescription that defines a computational process that goes from variable input data to the desired result.
An algorithm is an exact prescription for the execution in a certain order of a certain system of operations leading to the solution of all problems of a given type. An algorithm is a strictly deterministic sequence of actions that describes the process of transforming an object from an initial state to a final one, written using commands understandable to the executor. An algorithm is a sequence of actions aimed at obtaining a certain result in a finite number of steps. Algorithm - unambiguously, accessible and briefly (conditional concepts - the names of the stage) the described sequence of procedures for reproducing the process with the result determined by the task of the algorithm under given initial conditions. The universality (or specialization) of an algorithm is determined by the applicability and reliability of this algorithm for solving non-standard problems.
The algorithm is clear and precise instructions for the performer to take a finite number of steps aimed at solving the problem. An algorithm is a certain finite set of operations designed for a specific performer, as a result of which, after a certain number of steps, a set goal can be achieved or a task of a certain type can be solved. An algorithm is a sequence of actions that either leads to a solution to a problem, or explains why this solution cannot be obtained. An algorithm is an exact, unambiguous, final sequence of actions that a user must perform in order to achieve a specific goal or to solve a specific task or group of tasks. An algorithm is an exact prescription that specifies a computational (algorithmic) process starting from an arbitrary initial data and aimed at obtaining a result completely determined by this initial data. An algorithm is a sequence of actions that leads to an end result.
Pay attention to the bold line. In short, if they want to fail you in the exam, they will ask you to say the definition of the Algorithm.
Algorithm, on behalf of the scientist al-Khwarizmi - an exact set of instructions describing the procedure for the performer to achieve the result of solving the problem in a finite time.
Algorithmization- the process of developing an algorithm (action plan) for solving a problem.
Algorithms are:
1. Linear - do not contain logical conditions, have one processing branch and are depicted as a linear sequence of blocks connected to each other.
2. Branched - contains one or more conditions and has several processing branches.
3. Cyclic - contains one or more cycles.
Algorithmization of the search for legal information.
Keeping information banks of reference and legal systems up to date consists of three closed technological processes, namely:
Introduction to the information bank of new documents;
Creation and introduction of new editions of documents into the information bank;
Making changes and additions to documents in the information bank.
Each of these processes consists of sequentially performed steps:
1.1. Registration of the received document
1.2. Viewing Periodicals
2. Document processing by lawyers
3. Preparation of the text of the document
3.1 Creating an electronic image of a document
3.2 Design, spell check
3.3 Proofreading text with a proofreader
4. Putting down hypertext links
5. Filling out the search card of the document
6. Prepare the document for download in its original format
7. Final check by automated means of finding errors
8. Entering into the information bank
9. What is the architecture and structure of a computer. Describe the principle of "open architecture".
Computer architecture this is its description at some general level, including a description of user programming capabilities, command systems,
Computer structure is a set of its functional elements and connections between them.
The principle of open architecture is as follows:
Only the description of the principle of operation of the computer and its configuration are regulated and standardized.
The computer is easily expanded and upgraded due to the presence of internal expansion slots.
In order to connect different computer devices to each other, they must have the same interface.
To coordinate interfaces, peripheral devices are connected to the bus not directly, but through their controllers (adapters) and ports, approximately according to the following scheme:
Controllers and adapters are sets of electronic circuits that are supplied with computer devices in order to make their interfaces compatible.
10. Units of measurement of information in computer systems: binary system of calculation, bits and bytes. Methods for presenting information.
Notation is a way of writing numbers using a given set of characters (numbers).
binary system - positional number system with base 2. Symbols 0 and 1 are used to represent numbers.
Bit - min unit of information.
A byte is a unit of measurement of the amount of information equal to 8 bits.
Ways of presenting information
1.continuous way all vector coordinates can take any value of the numeric axis.
2.discrete method, each vector coordinate can take only a fixed number of values.
Related information:
- A. Yes, they are legal, as this is the basis for collecting a debt, i.e. civil liability. 1 page
Algorithms Computer Science
Properties of algorithms 1.Discreteness - discontinuity, separation of one action from another. 2. Unambiguity - determinism, definiteness of formulations, which does not allow different interpretations. 3. Finiteness - each individual action (and the entire algorithm) must be performed (has a limit). 4. Efficiency - obtaining a result after a finite number of steps, providing for all possible options. 5. Mass character - the ability to solve many similar tasks.
Methods for describing algorithms 1. Verbal or verbal-formula - designed for a human performer. 2.Graphic - with the help of geometric shapes, for a human performer, as well as preparatory for implementation on a computer. 3. Software - for the executor-computer.
Solve a crossword puzzle 1. A device with which a person enters information into a computer. 2. A set of symbols for writing predefined characters. 3. A device with which people counted from the 17th to the 20th century inclusive. 4. A device that allows you to display information from a computer's memory on paper. 5.Memory device. 6. A list from which you can select a command. This line contains the words: file, edit, view, etc. 7.Device to which information is displayed. 8. The simplest computing device that has been used for centuries. 9. The main device, the brain of the computer, which controls all the devices of the computer. 10. If everything is guessed correctly, then the result will be the word computer.
