home Computers and laptops That allows you to implement a graphical interface. Basic elements of the Windows graphical interface. Harder with software

That allows you to implement a graphical interface. Basic elements of the Windows graphical interface. Harder with software

Windows GUI

Currently, all operating systems for personal computers provide user interaction using a graphical interface.

This allows even a novice computer user to work confidently in the operating system environment (perform operations with files, run programs, and so on).

GUI allows human-computer interaction in the form of a dialogue using windows, menus, and controls (dialogue panels, buttons, and so on).

Working with the mouse. To work with the graphical interface, a mouse or other coordinate input device is used, while the user must be able to perform:

left click- single pressing and releasing the main (usually left) mouse button;
right click- single pressing and releasing the additional (usually right) mouse button;
double click- two clicks of the main mouse button with a minimum time interval between them;
drag and drop- pressing the left or right mouse button and moving the object with the button pressed.

Desktop. The main part of the screen is Desktop on which are located icons And labels(icons with small arrows in the lower left corner). Icons and shortcuts provide (double-click) quick access to drives, folders, documents, applications, and devices.

Icons appear on Desktop after installing Windows. Icons are usually located on the left side of the screen. My Computer, Network Places, Recycle Bin And My Documents.

For quick access to disks, a printer, and frequently used documents, it is advisable to create shortcuts on the desktop. A label differs from an icon in that it denotes an object that is not actually located on the Desktop, but in some other folder. The arrow means that we do not have the object itself, but a link to it. Shortcuts are created by dragging object icons onto Desktop.

Introduction to the Windows GUI

1. Create on Desktop shortcuts to all disks, printer and scanner.

Create shortcuts to frequently used applications and documents.

Task bar. At the bottom of the screen is Task bar on which the button is located Start, buttons for running tasks and open folders, indicators, and a clock.

Button Start lets call Main menu, which provides access to almost all system resources and contains commands for launching applications, system settings, searching for files and documents, accessing the help system, etc.

Windows is multitasking operating system, i.e. multiple applications can run concurrently. Each running application is indicated by a button on Taskbars, and the transition from working in one application to working in another can be done with the click of a button. A running (active) application is displayed on the taskbar as a pressed button.

On the far right side Taskbars are Watch. To the left of the clock are system status indicators. For example, the indicator Ru indicates that the Russian keyboard layout is currently being used.

3. Left-click to expand the indicator and switch to the English layout, and right-click to open the dialog panel Properties and select the desired combination of keystrokes on the keyboard to switch layouts.

Window. The most important element of the Windows graphical interface are windows, indeed, "windows" in translation means "windows". There are two main types of windows - application windows And document windows.

Application windows. The application window runs any running application or displays the contents of a folder. Opening or closing an application window is the same as starting or terminating a program. Application windows can be moved to any place desktop, expand to full screen, or minimize to buttons on the taskbar.

The main elements of the application window are:

Workspace: the inside of the window, contains nested folders or document windows;
borders: a frame bounding a window on four sides. The window can be resized by dragging the border with the mouse;
heading: the line just below the top border of the window, containing the name of the window;
system menu icon: the button on the left in the title bar opens the menu for moving and resizing the window;
horizontal menu bar: located directly below the heading, contains menu items, provides access to commands;
toolbar: located under the menu bar, is a set of buttons, provides quick access to some commands;
Minimize, Maximize/Restore, Close buttons located in the upper right part of the window.

Document windows. Document windows are designed to work with documents and "live" inside application windows. You can expand, minimize, move, or resize these windows, but they always stay within their application window. The document window has the same control buttons as the application window.

The document window always contains a title bar (containing the name of the document) and often scroll bars (appearing when the document does not fit entirely in the window) and rulers. An open document window can be in active or in a passive state. If the window is in the passive state (the title bar is not highlighted), then by clicking on any part of it with the mouse, you can switch it to the active state.

4. After starting the Word application, its window will appear on Desktop. If you open two documents in Word, then two document windows will appear in the application window. One window can be maximized and active, the other minimized and passive.

Menu. The menu is one of the main elements of the graphical interface and is a list of commands (usually grouped thematically) from which you need to make a choice (by placing the mouse pointer on the menu item and clicking). Selecting a menu item results in the execution of a specific command. If a menu command is followed by an ellipsis, selecting it will result in a dialog box that allows the user to get or enter additional information.

Dialog panels. Dialog panels can include a variety of elements. Let's consider the possibilities of dialog panels using the example of specifying file search parameters.

Tabs. Dialog panels can include several "pages" called tabs.

5. After entering the [Find-Files and Folders...] command, a dialog box will appear Find: All files. This panel contains three tabs: Name and location, Date, Advanced. Selecting a tab is done with a left click.

command buttons. Pressing the button (click) performs an action, and the inscription on the button explains its purpose. So, clicking on the button labeled Find allows you to start the search process.

Text fields. The text field is called sometimes edit field and allows you to enter any textual information.

6. For example, if the user wants to find files containing the word "computer science", then it must be entered in the text field Search text: tabs Name and location dialog panel Find: All files.

To do this, left-click in the field and enter text.

Lists. The list is a set of values to choose from. Drop-down list looks like a text box with a button with an arrow pointing down. Expanding the list is done by left-clicking on the button.

7. Drop-down list Where to look: dialog panel Find: All files allows you to specify a drive or folder (for example, a folder My Documents) that will be searched.

Switches. The radio buttons are used to select one of the mutually exclusive options, the options are presented in the form of small white circles. The selected option is indicated by a circle with a dot inside. The choice of an option is made by means of the left click.

8. So, on the tab date dialog panel Find: All files there are two switches: main (for two options) and additional (for three options). In the process of searching for files, by setting the main switch to the position Find all files, and the additional position between, you can limit the search area by the file modification period (in this case, from 09/14/99 to 12/13/99).

Checkboxes. The flag provides assignment to any parameter of a certain value. Flags can be placed either in groups or singly. The flag has the shape of a square; when a checkbox is checked, it has a "checkmark" in it. Checkboxes are checked with a left click.

9. Tab Name and location dialog panel Find: All files by checking the box Including subfolders, you can provide the required depth of file search.

Counters. The counter is a pair of arrows that allow you to increase or decrease the value in their associated field. So, when searching for a file on the tab date dialog panel Find: All files the values of the fields that specify the file modification period can be changed using counters. To increase the corresponding value, click on the arrow pointing to the right, and to decrease - on the arrow pointing to the left.

Sliders. The slider allows you to smoothly change the value of any parameter. For example, using the sliders, you can change the volume level of audio playback and recording, the balance of the left and right channels, etc.

10. After double-clicking on the volume indicator, which is located on Taskbars, a dialog box will appear. Volume control with volume and channel balance sliders.

Context menus. The object-oriented approach used in the Windows operating system allows drives, folders, and files to be treated as objects. All these objects have certain properties, and certain operations can be performed on them.

For example, documents (any file processed by applications is called a document) have a certain volume and can be copied, moved and renamed; windows have a size that can be resized, and so on.

Although each of these objects has its own specific properties and certain operations are possible on it, the technology for working with objects and the interface are universal. This allows the user to achieve uniformity when working with different objects.

You can get acquainted with the properties of an object, as well as perform allowed operations on it, using context menu. To call the context menu, right-click on the object icon.

11. In order to get acquainted with the properties of the disk, select the item in the context menu Properties- a dialog box will appear Properties: Disc 3.5 (A). The panel contains four tabs: General, Service, Equipment, Access. On the tab Are common contains information about the type of file system, total, free and occupied information capacity of the disk, etc.

Questions for reflection

1. What is the difference between a document window and an application window?

2. What main elements can dialog panels contain?

Practical tasks

4.9. Check that the date, time and time zone on your computer are set correctly.

4.10. Familiarize yourself with the properties of the folder and document.

Lesson number 12.
Topic: "Windows GUI".
Lesson Objectives:
- to help students learn the concept of a graphical interface, how to manage in Windows, to give the basic concepts necessary to work on a computer.
- education of information culture of students, attentiveness, accuracy, discipline, perseverance.
- development of cognitive interests, skills of working with the mouse and keyboard, self-control, the ability to take notes.

Equipment:
board, computer, computer presentation.

Lesson plan:
I. Org. moment. (1 min)
II. Checking and updating knowledge. (2 minutes)
III. Theoretical part. (12 min)
IV. Practical part. (16 min)
V. D / s (2 min)
VI. Questions from students. (5 minutes)
VII. Summary of the lesson. (2 minutes)

During the classes:
I. Org. moment.
Greeting, checking those present. Explanation of the lesson.

II. Knowledge update.
Currently, all operating systems for personal computers provide user interaction using a graphical interface.

This allows even a novice computer user to work confidently in the operating system environment (perform operations with files, run programs, and so on).

In this lesson, we will look at how to manage this most important and complex program, i.e. Windows OS.

III. Theoretical part.

The graphical interface allows human-computer interaction in the form of a dialogue using windows, menus, and controls (dialog boxes, buttons, and so on).
The interface is an intermediary, a translator, whose task is to transform all the internal “control levers” of Windows into a graphic form understandable to people. You can argue endlessly about the numerous shortcomings and shortcomings in certain elements of the Windows interface. It is possible, shaking with dusty historical reference books, to prove that all the best that is contained in it, Microsoft simply copied from its competitors - Unix, MacOS, Linux, OS / 2 ... But why? In any case, what we see during a Windows session looks not only logical and convenient, but in some cases also simply beautiful!

The Windows interface is simple and accessible, and almost everyone can solve almost all of its mysteries.

To work with the graphical interface, a mouse or other coordinate input device is used, while the user must be able to perform:
left click - a single press and release of the main (usually left) mouse button;
right click - a single press and release of an additional (usually right) mouse button;
double click - two clicks of the main mouse button with a minimum time interval between them;
dragging (dragging) - pressing the left or right mouse button and moving the object with the button pressed.

Windows GUI elements :
Desktop.
The name "Desktop" is aptly chosen. On it, as well as on a regular desktop, there are various programs and tools presented in the form of icons, or icons.
Icons.
Icons in Windows denote programs, documents. It is launched by double-clicking on the icon. The program can be located directly on the Desktop, or it can be hidden deep on the disk, but in this case it is also presented on the Desktop in its own way - a shortcut.
Labels.
A program shortcut is not the program itself, but only its image, an indication of the place on the disk where it is located. Double clicking on the shortcut also launches the program. Labels differ from icons by the presence of a small arrow at the bottom left.
Task bar.
Located at the bottom of the screen. On it are: the Start button, buttons for open windows, indicators and a clock.
Window.
A window is one of the main elements of the Windows interface.

Desktop. How to find the Desktop? - ask many novice users. No way. In the sense that the desktop is simply impossible to find. For everything that you see on your screen after starting Windows is what it is.

The name "Desktop" is chosen very well. On their usual desktop, people keep all the tools they need, documents, and so on. Windows Virtual Desktop also brings together the programs and tools you need most, presented as icons.

So far, there are only a few small icons on our Desktop. Some of them look like rectangular yellow folders, some are marked with other pictures. Some have an arrow-shaped icon in the lower left corner, others do not ... It's easy to get confused.

In addition to icons, the desktop can contain windows, context menus, and more.

Badges . Both programs and documents are indicated by icons similar to each other. By clicking on any of them, you can launch the program you need and immediately open a document in it. It's simple - sit yourself and click on the icons!

An icon corresponds to a single file - a document or a program. A program often consists of several hundred files, but Microsoft believes (and with good reason) that the user doesn't need to see them all. Enough of one - the file that starts the program. And this is often reasonable.

Document icons replace file extensions. So in the caption to the icons you will see only the name of the file.
Each program installed in Windows has its own, original icon. And this icon, as a rule, is present in one way or another in the icon of a document created using this program. Thus, looking at the icon, you will always know what type of files it corresponds to.

An icon can represent not only a file, but also a folder. Or a directory, or a directory - whoever is used to it. By clicking on it with the left mouse button, you can open the folder in the form of a window. In this case, all files living in this folder will be represented by a kind of "portrait gallery" - a number of icons with signatures.
By clicking on the program icon, you will give a command to execute it - as the computer scientists say, "run".

Any icons you can rename, move from folder to folder, delete or copy with the mouse. However, remember that any operations on icons are operations on the original program files or document. Removing an icon from the Desktop or from any folder, you thereby physically delete the file from the disk - and this is worth doing only if you are sure of the need for this action.

Labels . There are, however, other types of icons, any operations with which will not affect the original files in any way - shortcuts. These icons differ from the usual ones by the presence of a small black arrow in the lower left corner.

The English term shortcut translated by the word "shortcut" is not entirely successful. More precisely, it would be a “pointer”, since this very shortcut on the Desktop, pointing to a file located elsewhere, serves as its shadow, reflection.

The fact is that, despite all the brilliance and novelty of the Windows graphical interface, under it lies the usual, familiar to us all structure of the "directory tree". Each program lies in its own directory. And our Desktop is, in fact, a real directory.

What happens if we want to mark some program on our desktop, for example, Microsoft Word? The program is launched by the winword.exe file, which is located along with other Word files in the C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office\ folder. And you cannot move the file to any other folder, including the Desktop - the program will not work ... But you can create a pointer on the Desktop - a shortcut! This icon will differ from the icon of the program itself only with an arrow in the corner, but it will provide the user with downright unlimited possibilities! The icon can be fearlessly renamed or deleted without fear for the fate of the program or document itself - with any changes, they will remain in good health.
Shortcuts do not require the presence of the program itself in the folder where we place this shortcut. Inside the shortcut is not the program itself, but only a link containing the exact address of the program.

For quick access to disks, a printer, and frequently used documents, it is advisable to create shortcuts on the desktop. A shortcut differs from an icon in that it denotes an object that is actually located not on the Desktop, but in some other folder. The arrow means that we do not have the object itself, but a link to it. Shortcuts are created by dragging object icons onto the desktop.

Task bar. At the bottom of the screen is the Taskbar, which contains the Start button, buttons for running tasks and open folders, indicators, and a clock. The Start button allows you to call the Main Menu, which provides access to almost all system resources and contains commands for launching applications, system settings, searching for files and documents, accessing the help system, etc.

Windows is a multitasking operating system, which means that multiple applications can run concurrently. Each running application is identified by a button on the Taskbar, and the transition from working in one application to working in another can be done with a click of the button. A running (active) application is displayed on the taskbar as a pressed button.

Various panels can be displayed on the taskbar. At the far right of the taskbar is the language bar, which indicates the character input language. For example, the Ru indicator means that the Russian keyboard layout is currently being used.
The notification area (tray (tray)) is used to display icons for some programs related to the operation of the computer. To keep the taskbar clean, an arrow button may be visible instead of the icons of rarely used objects presented in the notification area. Click this button to display all icons.
The digital clock on the taskbar shows the current time. To see the current date, month and year, just move the mouse pointer over the clock.

Window . The most important element of the Windows graphical interface is windows, indeed, after all, “windows” in translation means “windows”. There are two main types of windows - application windows and document windows.
A window is a framed portion of the screen that displays an application, document, or message.
Application windows. The application window runs any running application or displays the contents of a folder. Opening or closing an application window is the same as starting or terminating a program. Application windows can be moved to any place on the Desktop, expanded to full screen or minimized to buttons on the taskbar.

The main elements of the application window are :
working area: the inner part of the window, contains nested folders or document windows;
borders: a frame that bounds the window on four sides. The window can be resized by dragging the border with the mouse;
title: the line directly below the top border of the window, containing the title of the window;
system menu icon: the button on the left in the title bar opens the menu for moving and resizing the window;
menu bar: located directly below the heading, contains menu items, provides access to commands;
toolbar: located under the menu bar, it is a set of buttons that provides quick access to some commands;
Minimize, Maximize/Restore, Close buttons are located in the upper right part of the window.
scrollbars. If the text or picture does not completely fit in the program window, then scroll bars appear on the bottom or right to view it, which can be moved, revealing areas that do not fit on the screen.

The document window contains a title bar (containing the name of the document) and often scroll bars (appearing when the document does not fit entirely in the window) and rulers.

A window is active (current) if the user is currently working with it. Otherwise, the window will be passive (in a passive state). If the window is in the passive state (the title bar is not highlighted), then by clicking on any part of it with the mouse, you can switch it to the active state.

The menu is one of the main elements of the graphical interface and is a list of commands (usually grouped thematically) from which you need to make a choice (by placing the mouse pointer on the menu item and clicking). Selecting a menu item results in the execution of a specific command. If a menu command is followed by an ellipsis, selecting it will result in a dialog box that allows the user to get or enter additional information.

Questions:
What is a graphical user interface?
What is managed in Windows?
What actions can be performed with the mouse?
List the elements of the Windows GUI.
What is a desktop?
What is the difference between icons and labels?
How to get access to all programs installed on the computer and to all Windows settings?
Where is the digital clock located?
How to switch input language with mouse?
How to find out the current date?
List the main elements of a window.

III. Practical part.

Today, in the practical part, we will continue working with Notepad and learn how to copy and move text. For these purposes, we will use the clipboard. The clipboard is an area of RAM designed to temporarily store data when transferred from one place to another. This memory is allocated to us by the operating system.

To put some data on the clipboard, you must first select it. You can select text in Notepad in many ways, for example:
while holding down the button, move through the text using the arrow buttons;
select text by holding down the left (main) mouse button;
to select several parts of text, select them with the mouse while holding down the button on the keyboard;
To select all text, use the Edit command→ Select all;
to select all text, you can use the special key combination + [A] ...

To remove the selection, just click the left mouse button anywhere in the text or press any cursor key without pressing .

But what to do after the text is selected? Let's go to Notepad's help system and find information about copying text. Students work with help...
To cut, copy, paste, or delete text:
To cut a piece of text to move it to another location, select the desired text, and then choose the Cut command from the Edit menu.
To copy a piece of text for pasting elsewhere, select the text you want, and then choose Copy from the Edit menu.
To paste a copied or cut piece of text, place the cursor at the insertion point, and then choose Paste from the Edit menu.
To delete text, select it and choose Delete from the Edit menu.

And now the task: a certain student Ivanov Ivan memorized the verse of A.S. Pushkin's "Winter Morning", but at the lesson he was confused and mixed up all the lines. Help Ivanov remember the poem.
The file with the verse (with mixed lines) is C:\Our lesson\Lesson12 Practice.txt. Save the result of the work in your folder under the name "Winter Morning".
Students complete the task.

IV. D / s
Know the elements of the Windows graphical interface, be able to work with windows. For students who have computers at home, continue to master the "blind ten-finger typing method."

Extra challenge: Learn how you can create an extra panel with shortcuts to the programs you use most often.

V. Students' questions.
Answers to students' questions.

VI. Summary of the lesson.
Summing up the lesson. Grading.
In the lesson, we looked at the elements of the Windows graphical interface. We also learned how to move part of the text using the Windows clipboard.

OPERATING SYSTEMS

Tutorial

(materials for performing laboratory, practical, independent work)

"MS Windows operating system"

Topic 1. Interface
The role and purpose of the Windows operating shell. · The main elements of the Windows interface (dialog), their purpose. The main elements of the window. · Basic elements of the Main menu. · Clipboard. · Search for files. · How to use the mouse.
Topic 2. Help system
· How to get help.
Topic 3. Managing the file system
· Assignment of the My Computer folder, the Explorer program. · Create, save, rename, copy, move, delete files, folders and shortcuts. · Restore deleted objects from the Recycle Bin folder.
Topic 4. Standard programs · Purpose and main features of standard programs.
· The simplest techniques for editing text in the Notepad editor. · Perform simple drawings in the graphic editor Paint. · Browse programs in the Utilities folder. Topic 5. Windows settings · Windows operating system settings. · Settings for design elements.

Topic 1. WINDOWS INTERFACE

Windows operating system

It is an operating system with a graphical interface and advanced networking capabilities, developed by Microsoft in 1995. Windows 95(98) is an integrated environment that provides efficient exchange of text, graphics, audio and video information between individual programs. The basic functionality of this OS covers everything that is included in MS DOS, WINDOWS 3.1. The main function of Windows is to manage the work of programs specially created for this environment. Windows is a new level of computer technology based on the so-called object-oriented approach to working with data. Events: hardware signals, mouse clicks, key presses, etc. Each event generates a message that is received by the window object, i.e. the result of the message is an action. Messages are used to manage window objects.

OS Features:

· Supports Plug and Play technology (plug and play). It's self-configuring technology - just plug a new device into your computer and turn it on. When you turn on your computer, the device will be automatically installed and recognized.

· Increased productivity due to multitasking ie. A computer can run multiple programs at the same time.

· Compatibility with programs OS MS DOS.

· Resilience to failures.

· Allow long filenames (up to 256 characters).

· High quality multimedia (sound, video, graphics).

Basic concepts of Windows OS

& The Windows Start Screen is a system object called the Desktop.

The desktop is a graphical environment that displays Windows objects and Windows controls.

Everything that we deal with when working with a computer in this system can be attributed either to objects or to controls. In the initial state, you can see several on-screen icons and the Taskbar on the Desktop.

Badges is a graphical representation of objects, and the Taskbar is one of the main controls.

Icons correspond to folders, applications (programs), documents, network devices.

Window is a structural and control element of the user interface, which is a framed part of the screen in which an object (application, document or message) can be displayed.

The results of the work of most applications (programs) are stored in their working files, also called documents.

Document - any file processed using applications (programs).

In Windows, a document can contain text, graphics, sound and video information.

The clipboard is a special area of memory that is used to transfer data between applications and documents.

Windows Interface Structure

The main elements of the interface (dialog): Desktop, Taskbar, Main Menu, My Computer folder, Explorer, Control Panel, Recycle Bin.

Let us give a brief description of these elements.

Desktop - the surface of the monitor screen with graphic objects located on it - icons and shortcuts. The surface of the monitor screen contains a background image (picture).

The taskbar occupies a narrow strip on the screen, usually located at the bottom of the screen.

The taskbar contains the Start button, the buttons for open windows, the keyboard indicator, and the system clock. The open window buttons on the taskbar can be used to switch between windows i.e. By clicking on this button, the window corresponding to this button becomes active. When you press the Start button, the Main menu is opened Fig.1

Main menu - allows you to perform various operations: launch a program, open a document, call the Control Panel to configure your computer, search for a file or folder, get help, etc..

An icon next to a menu item indicates the presence of a submenu.

Team Programs - allows you to select the desired program from the list. When installing Windows, a set of standard programs is installed, including: text editor Notepad, WordPad, graphics editor Paint Calculator, etc. (These programs run Start - Programs - Accessories - Notepad).

Team Documentation - displays a menu with a list of documents (the last 15) that the user has worked with.

Team Setting - allows you to make the necessary system settings.

Team Search - allows you to search for files and folders.

Team Reference - calling the help system.

Team Execute... - intended for direct launch of programs from the command line by specifying the full path to the file.

Team Shutdown - allows you to choose how to shut down Windows, depending on the next steps.

With a folder My computer you can perform all operations with files and folders, access various drives and devices.

Program Conductor more powerful tool for working with the file system. Explorer displays the contents of the computer in the form of a "tree" of folders.

Basket designed for temporary storage of remote objects. It allows you to restore objects deleted by mistake. The Recycle Bin takes up a portion of disk space. If you have deleted a file, then it is placed from the folder where it was registered to the Recycle Bin. The file is deleted from the disk only when the Recycle Bin is emptied.

Control Panel serves to change the operating mode of the OS, to install software and hardware, to configure the parameters of the keyboard, mouse, screen, etc. You can open the Control Panel through the Main Menu command Settings - Control Panel.

Mouse tricks

The control tool in WINDOWS OS is the mouse pointer moved around the screen using the mouse manipulator.

The main methods of management are:

Click(quick press and release of the left mouse button). Used when selecting an object, selecting a menu item, pressing a button;

double click- two clicks performed with a small time interval between them. Used to launch programs, open files and folders.

Drag-and-Drop reception(grab and move) - move the mouse pointer to the object (object header), press the left mouse button, and, without releasing it, move the object to the desired location.

Calling the context menu– point the cursor at the object and press the right mouse button.

Working with windows

Windows is a multi-window OS, i.e. the user can work with several windows at the same time. To switch from one window to another (make it active), press the button corresponding to the program on the Taskbar or click anywhere in the window with the mouse.

Consider the Windows folder window structure:

fig.2

1 - title bar, it contains the folder name and window view control buttons:
- minimize the window to an icon on the taskbar

Full screen window

Restore window dimensions

Close a window

2 - menu bar containing a list of commands. When you click on each of the items in this menu, a "drop-down" menu opens, the items of which allow you to perform operations with the contents of the window or with the window as a whole.

3 - toolbar, contains command buttons for performing the most common operations. It is more convenient to use than the menu bar, but it is limited in terms of the number of commands.

4 - address bar, it contains the path to the current folder.

5 - workspace, it displays the icons of objects stored in the folder, and the way the icons are displayed can be controlled. Application windows in the work area contain document windows and work panels.

6 - scrollbars, appear if the number of objects is large and with the help of these bars the content can be "scrolled" in the working area of the window. The scrollbar has a slider and two end buttons. Scrolling is done in three ways:
- by clicking on one of the end buttons;
- dragging the engine;
- by clicking on the scroll bar above and below the slider.

7 - status line, it displays additional information about the current state (number of selected objects, size, etc.).

Windows can be moved by grabbing it by the title bar (Drag-and-Drop technique). You can also change the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the window, for this you need to move the mouse pointer to the border of the window and after the mouse pointer takes the form of (double arrow), drag the border to a new location using Drag-and-Drop. Window settings are made using the menu View . So, to change the way icons are displayed View - Large icons (Small icons, List, Table). To sort icons choose View - Sort icons - by name (by type, by size, by date).

Dialog boxes

If there is an ellipsis (...) after the submenu command, then after selecting this command, dialog window. Dialog boxes allow you to conduct a dialogue with the OS, for example, in which folder to save the file and give the file a name, find the desired file by name by viewing all the folders on the C: drive, etc.

When working with standard programs, you need to save information on a floppy disk or on a hard disk; for this, in the editor's menu, select the command File - Save as…, a dialog box will appear (see Fig. 3).

You need to specify in which folder to save the file, the folder name must be selected from the list i.e. click the button in the Save in: field and double-click the required folder in the list that appears. In the File name: field, click and enter the desired file name. Then click the Save button if all actions are performed correctly or click Cancel otherwise.

Let's select the elements of the dialog box:

Text input field gives you a place where you specify the information you need, such as the name of the file you want to save, or the path (containing the name of the drive and folders) that you use to find a specific file. In the combo box there is a list of elements from which you can choose the one you need. Combo boxes often have scroll bars that allow you to scroll through very long lists.

Drop down list box is a field in which only one line is initially visible. To the right of it is an arrow pointing down. If you click on the arrow, a drop-down list will unfold and you will see items from which you can select.

Options buttons(checkboxes) represent a group of related items from which only one can be selected (“enabled”). Just click on the button for the option you want to highlight. All other buttons are disabled.

Label fields(independent switches) can be either a single option or a group of related options. A label (usually a "cross" or "tick") appears when you click in the box next to an option to indicate that it is active.

Command buttons execute commands whose name is written on this button (for example, Save, Open, Exit, Cancel, etc.). If a button has an ellipsis after its name (for example, as on the Options... button), then another dialog box will appear when it is selected.

Tabs are part of complex dialog boxes. You can only see one tab at a time, which contains logically related options. Clicking on the tab name changes the contents of the dialog box.

If you are working with a document that already has a file name, then to save changes to it, just select the command File - Save, no dialog box appears.

To open an existing document from the editor window, select the menu command File - Open, using the input field with a drop-down list, select the desired folder by opening it with a double click. If you need to move to a parent folder or drive, use the button.

Sometimes you can't find the right file or folder. The Main Menu command will help you organize your search. Search- Search files and folders.

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Let's look at the job of finding a file using the Name and Location tab. In the combo box, enter the File name (first letters are possible), in the Containing text box, you can enter (optionally) a phrase from the text of the file you are looking for, to specify the search location, use the combo box, where you select the drive, folder (to select another folder use the Browse command button), click the Find command button.

Control questions:

1 Purpose and features of Windows OS.

2 List the main elements of the Desktop.

3 What objects correspond to the icons?

4 List the main elements of the window. What is the difference between close and minimize commands?

5 List the main elements of the dialog box.

6 What are labels for? Will registered programs be affected by deleting the shortcut?

7 Purpose of the Recycle Bin, Main Menu, Taskbar.

Exercises for acquiring basic windowing skills:

1. Find on desktop Windows My computer icon. Place the mouse pointer on it and double-click the left mouse button (a window will open).

2. Find all elements of the window on the screen.

3. Move the window to the right corner of the screen. To move a window:

place the cursor in the title bar

press the left mouse button and, without releasing it, drag the window

Release the mouse button.

4. Resize the window. To resize a window:

Place the cursor on one of the window borders

press the left mouse button and, without releasing it, drag the border to the desired location

Release the mouse button.

5. Resize the window to a minimum.

6. Use the scroll bars to scroll through the contents of the window.

7. Expand the window to full screen. To do this, find the button in the title bar, place the cursor on it and press the left mouse button.

8. Restore the original size of the window by clicking the button.

9. Minimize the My Computer window by clicking the button.

10. Restore the window by clicking the My Computer icon in the taskbar.

11. Change the appearance of the window contents using the View menu item:

· click on the View menu item and select Small Icons

· click on the View menu item and select Table

· click on the View menu item and select List

· independently return to the original form of data presentation in the window.

12. Close the My Computer window by clicking the button.

Exercises for acquiring advanced windowing skills:

1. Run:

Microsoft Word word processor

graphic editor Paint,

Notepad text editor

· Calculator.

(To do this, use the Main Menu - the command Programs ..., while the buttons of open windows appear on the Taskbar).

2. Resize each window, set the window size to approximately 1/4 of the screen size.

3. Arrange the windows so that they do not overlap each other.

4. Arrange the windows in a cascade, mosaic.

(To do this, use the context-sensitive menu called by right-clicking on the system clock of the Taskbar).

5. Close all windows.

6. Move the Taskbar (left, right, up), then return it to its place.

7. Resize the Taskbar, restore the original size.

(This operation is performed as with a normal window)

Exercises for customizing the window and searching for computers, folders and files:

1. Expand the My Computer folder window.

2. Using the menu command View change the icon view (large, small, list, table).

3. Hide the toolbar and status bar by selecting these commands from the menu View . Reselect these commands to restore the toolbar and status bar.

4. Find using the command Search main menu:

computer Class4;

WinWord.exe file

User folder...

5. Run the Word program for execution.

6. Minimize the document window, then the program window.

7. Using the Date tab of the Find: All Files dialog box, find all files modified in the last two days.

8. Using the Main Menu Command Documentation, open any file from the list of available ones.

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