home Setting up a router A unit of measure for the bandwidth of a data transmission channel. Channel bandwidth measurement. Overall equipment performance

A unit of measure for the bandwidth of a data transmission channel. Channel bandwidth measurement. Overall equipment performance

Throughput is an important parameter for any pipes, canals and other heirs of the Roman aqueduct. However, the throughput is not always indicated on the pipe packaging (or on the product itself). In addition, it also depends on the pipeline scheme how much liquid the pipe passes through the section. How to correctly calculate the throughput of pipelines?

Methods for calculating the throughput of pipelines

There are several methods for calculating this parameter, each of which is suitable for a particular case. Some notations that are important in determining the throughput of a pipe:

Outer diameter - the physical size of the pipe section from one edge of the outer wall to the other. In calculations, it is designated as Dn or Dn. This parameter is indicated in the marking.

Nominal diameter is the approximate value of the diameter of the internal section of the pipe, rounded up to a whole number. In calculations, it is designated as Du or Du.

Physical methods for calculating the throughput of pipes

Pipe throughput values are determined by special formulas. For each type of product - for gas, water supply, sewerage - the methods of calculation are different.

Tabular calculation methods

There is a table of approximate values \u200b\u200bcreated to facilitate the determination of the throughput of pipes for intra-apartment wiring. In most cases, high precision is not required, so the values can be applied without complex calculations. But this table does not take into account the decrease in throughput due to the appearance of sedimentary growths inside the pipe, which is typical for old highways.

Table 1. Pipe capacity for liquids, gas, steam

Liquid type	Speed (m/s)
City water supply	0,60-1,50
Water pipeline	1,50-3,00
Central heating water	2,00-3,00
Water pressure system in the pipeline line	0,75-1,50
hydraulic fluid	up to 12m/s
Oil pipeline line	3,00-7,5
Oil in the pressure system of the pipeline line	0,75-1,25
Steam in the heating system	20,0-30,00
Steam central pipeline system	30,0-50,0
Steam in a high temperature heating system	50,0-70,00
Air and gas in the central piping system	20,0-75,00

There is an exact capacity calculation table, called the Shevelev table, which takes into account the pipe material and many other factors. These tables are rarely used when laying water pipes around the apartment, but in a private house with several non-standard risers they can come in handy.

Calculation using programs

At the disposal of modern plumbing firms there are special computer programs for calculating the throughput of pipes, as well as many other similar parameters. In addition, online calculators have been developed that, although less accurate, are free and do not require installation on a PC. One of the stationary programs "TAScope" is a creation of Western engineers, which is shareware. Large companies use "Hydrosystem" - this is a domestic program that calculates pipes according to criteria that affect their operation in the regions of the Russian Federation. In addition to hydraulic calculation, it allows you to calculate other parameters of pipelines. The average price is 150,000 rubles.

How to calculate the throughput of a gas pipe

Gas is one of the most difficult materials to transport, in particular because it tends to compress and therefore can flow through the smallest gaps in pipes. Special requirements are imposed on the calculation of the throughput of gas pipes (as well as on the design of the gas system as a whole).

The formula for calculating the throughput of a gas pipe

The maximum capacity of gas pipelines is determined by the formula:

Qmax = 0.67 DN2 * p

where p is equal to the working pressure in the gas pipeline system + 0.10 MPa or the absolute pressure of the gas;

Du - conditional passage of the pipe.

There is a complex formula for calculating the throughput of a gas pipe. When carrying out preliminary calculations, as well as when calculating a domestic gas pipeline, it is usually not used.

Qmax = 196.386 Du2 * p/z*T

where z is the compressibility factor;

T is the temperature of the transported gas, K;

According to this formula, the direct dependence of the temperature of the transported medium on pressure is determined. The higher the T value, the more the gas expands and presses against the walls. Therefore, when calculating large highways, engineers take into account possible weather conditions in the area where the pipeline passes. If the nominal value of the DN pipe is less than the gas pressure generated at high temperatures in summer (for example, at + 38 ... + 45 degrees Celsius), then the line is likely to be damaged. This entails the leakage of valuable raw materials, and creates the possibility of an explosion of the pipe section.

Table of capacities of gas pipes depending on pressure

There is a table for calculating the throughput of a gas pipeline for commonly used diameters and nominal working pressure of pipes. Engineering calculations will be required to determine the characteristics of a gas pipeline of non-standard dimensions and pressure. Also, the pressure, speed of movement and volume of gas is affected by the temperature of the outside air.

The maximum velocity (W) of the gas in the table is 25 m/s and z (compressibility factor) is 1. The temperature (T) is 20 degrees Celsius or 293 Kelvin.

Table 2. Capacity of the gas pipeline depending on the pressure

Pwork(MPa)	Throughput capacity of the pipeline (m? / h), with wgas \u003d 25m / s; z \u003d 1; T \u003d 20? C = 293? K
Pwork(MPa)	DN 50	DN 80	DN 100	DN 150	DN 200	DN 300	DN 400	DN 500
0,3	670	1715	2680	6030	10720	24120	42880	67000
0,6	1170	3000	4690	10550	18760	42210	75040	117000
1,2	2175	5570	8710	19595	34840	78390	139360	217500
1,6	2845	7290	11390	25625	45560	102510	182240	284500
2,5	4355	11145	17420	39195	69680	156780	278720	435500
3,5	6030	15435	24120	54270	96480	217080	385920	603000
5,5	9380	24010	37520	84420	150080	337680	600320	938000
7,5	12730	32585	50920	114570	203680	458280	814720	1273000
10,0	16915	43305	67670	152255	270680	609030	108720	1691500

Capacity of the sewer pipe

The capacity of the sewer pipe is an important parameter that depends on the type of pipeline (pressure or non-pressure). The calculation formula is based on the laws of hydraulics. In addition to the laborious calculation, tables are used to determine the capacity of the sewer.

For the hydraulic calculation of sewerage, it is required to determine the unknowns:

pipeline diameter Du;
average flow velocity v;
hydraulic slope l;
degree of filling h / Du (in calculations, they are repelled from the hydraulic radius, which is associated with this value).

In practice, they are limited to calculating the value of l or h / d, since the remaining parameters are easy to calculate. The hydraulic slope in preliminary calculations is considered to be equal to the slope of the earth's surface, at which the movement of wastewater will not be lower than the self-cleaning speed. The speed values as well as the maximum h/Dn values for residential networks can be found in Table 3.
Yulia Petrichenko, expert

In addition, there is a normalized value for the minimum slope for pipes with a small diameter: 150 mm

(i=0.008) and 200 (i=0.007) mm.

The formula for the volumetric flow rate of a liquid looks like this:

where a is the free area of the flow,

v is the flow velocity, m/s.

The speed is calculated by the formula:

where R is the hydraulic radius;

C is the wetting coefficient;

From this we can derive the formula for the hydraulic slope:

According to it, this parameter is determined if calculation is necessary.

where n is the roughness factor, ranging from 0.012 to 0.015 depending on the pipe material.

The hydraulic radius is considered equal to the usual radius, but only when the pipe is completely filled. In other cases, use the formula:

where A is the area of the transverse fluid flow,

P is the wetted perimeter, or the transverse length of the inner surface of the pipe that touches the liquid.

Capacity tables for non-pressure sewer pipes

The table takes into account all the parameters used to perform the hydraulic calculation. The data is selected according to the value of the pipe diameter and substituted into the formula. Here, the volumetric flow rate q of the liquid passing through the pipe section has already been calculated, which can be taken as the throughput of the pipeline.

In addition, there are more detailed Lukin tables containing ready-made throughput values for pipes of different diameters from 50 to 2000 mm.

Capacity tables for pressurized sewer systems

In the capacity tables for sewer pressure pipes, the values depend on the maximum degree of filling and the estimated average flow rate of the waste water.

Table 4. Calculation of wastewater flow, liters per second

Diameter, mm	Filling	Acceptable (optimal slope)	The speed of movement of waste water in the pipe, m / s	Consumption, l / s
100	0,6	0,02	0,94	4,6
125	0,6	0,016	0,97	7,5
150	0,6	0,013	1,00	11,1
200	0,6	0,01	1,05	20,7
250	0,6	0,008	1,09	33,6
300	0,7	0,0067	1,18	62,1
350	0,7	0,0057	1,21	86,7
400	0,7	0,0050	1,23	115,9
450	0,7	0,0044	1,26	149,4
500	0,7	0,0040	1,28	187,9
600	0,7	0,0033	1,32	278,6
800	0,7	0,0025	1,38	520,0
1000	0,7	0,0020	1,43	842,0
1200	0,7	0,00176	1,48	1250,0

Capacity of the water pipe

Water pipes in the house are used most often. And since they are subjected to a large load, the calculation of the throughput of the water main becomes an important condition for reliable operation.

Passability of the pipe depending on the diameter

Diameter is not the most important parameter when calculating pipe patency, but it also affects its value. The larger the inner diameter of the pipe, the higher the permeability, as well as the lower the chance of blockages and plugs. However, in addition to the diameter, it is necessary to take into account the coefficient of friction of water on the pipe walls (table value for each material), the length of the line and the difference in fluid pressure at the inlet and outlet. In addition, the number of bends and fittings in the pipeline will greatly affect the patency.

Table of pipe capacity by coolant temperature

The higher the temperature in the pipe, the lower its capacity, as the water expands and thus creates additional friction. For plumbing, this is not important, but in heating systems it is a key parameter.

There is a table for calculations of heat and coolant.

Table 5. Pipe capacity depending on the coolant and the heat given off

Pipe diameter, mm	Bandwidth
	By warmth		By coolant
	Water	Steam	Water	Steam
	Gcal/h		t/h
15	0,011	0,005	0,182	0,009
25	0,039	0,018	0,650	0,033
38	0,11	0,05	1,82	0,091
50	0,24	0,11	4,00	0,20
75	0,72	0,33	12,0	0,60
100	1,51	0,69	25,0	1,25
125	2,70	1,24	45,0	2,25
150	4,36	2,00	72,8	3,64
200	9,23	4,24	154	7,70
250	16,6	7,60	276	13,8
300	26,6	12,2	444	22,2
350	40,3	18,5	672	33,6
400	56,5	26,0	940	47,0
450	68,3	36,0	1310	65,5
500	103	47,4	1730	86,5
600	167	76,5	2780	139
700	250	115	4160	208
800	354	162	5900	295
900	633	291	10500	525
1000	1020	470	17100	855

Pipe capacity table depending on the coolant pressure

There is a table describing the throughput of pipes depending on the pressure.

Table 6. Pipe capacity depending on the pressure of the transported liquid

Consumption	Bandwidth
DN pipe	15 mm	20 mm	25 mm	32 mm	40 mm	50 mm	65 mm	80 mm	100 mm
Pa/m - mbar/m	less than 0.15 m/s			0.15 m/s					0.3 m/s
90,0 - 0,900	173	403	745	1627	2488	4716	9612	14940	30240
92,5 - 0,925	176	407	756	1652	2524	4788	9756	15156	30672
95,0 - 0,950	176	414	767	1678	2560	4860	9900	15372	31104
97,5 - 0,975	180	421	778	1699	2596	4932	10044	15552	31500
100,0 - 1,000	184	425	788	1724	2632	5004	10152	15768	31932
120,0 - 1,200	202	472	871	1897	2898	5508	11196	17352	35100
140,0 - 1,400	220	511	943	2059	3143	5976	12132	18792	38160
160,0 - 1,600	234	547	1015	2210	3373	6408	12996	20160	40680
180,0 - 1,800	252	583	1080	2354	3589	6804	13824	21420	43200
200,0 - 2,000	266	619	1151	2486	3780	7200	14580	22644	45720
220,0 - 2,200	281	652	1202	2617	3996	7560	15336	23760	47880
240,0 - 2,400	288	680	1256	2740	4176	7920	16056	24876	50400
260,0 - 2,600	306	713	1310	2855	4356	8244	16740	25920	52200
280,0 - 2,800	317	742	1364	2970	4356	8566	17338	26928	54360
300,0 - 3,000	331	767	1415	3076	4680	8892	18000	27900	56160

Pipe capacity table depending on diameter (according to Shevelev)

The tables of F.A. and A.F. Shevelev are one of the most accurate tabular methods for calculating the throughput of a water supply system. In addition, they contain all the necessary calculation formulas for each specific material. This is a voluminous informative material used by hydraulic engineers most often.

The tables take into account:

pipe diameters - internal and external;
wall thickness;
service life of the pipeline;
line length;
pipe assignment.

Hydraulic Calculation Formula

For water pipes, the following calculation formula applies:

Online calculator: pipe capacity calculation

If you have any questions, or if you have any guides that use methods not mentioned here, write in the comments.

Internet bandwidth or, more simply, Internet speed, represents the maximum number of data received by a personal computer or transmitted to the Network in a certain unit of time.

Most often, you can meet the measurement of data transfer speed in kilobits / second (Kb / s; Kbps) or in megabits (Mb / s; Mbps). File sizes are usually always specified in bytes, KBytes, MBytes, and GBytes.

Since 1 byte is 8 bits, in practice this will mean that if your Internet connection speed is 100 Mbps, then the computer can receive or transmit no more than 12.5 Mb of information per second (100/8=12.5). It’s easier can be explained in this way, if you want to download a video, the volume of which is 1.5 Gb, then it will take you only 2 minutes.

Naturally, the above calculations are made under ideal laboratory conditions. For example, the reality may be quite different:

Here we see three numbers:

Ping - this number means the time for which Network packets are transmitted. The smaller the value of this number, the better the quality of the Internet connection (it is desirable that the value be less than 100ms).
Next comes the speed of obtaining information (incoming). It is this figure that Internet providers offer when connecting (it is precisely for this number of "Megabits" that you have to pay your hard-earned dollars / hryvnias / rubles, etc.).
The third number remains, indicating the speed of information transfer (outgoing). It will naturally be less than the speed of receiving data, but providers are usually silent about this (although, in fact, a large outgoing speed is rarely required).

What determines the speed of the Internet connection

The speed of the Internet connection depends on the tariff plan that the provider sets.
The speed is also affected by the technology of the information transmission channel and the workload of the Network by other users. If the total bandwidth of the channel is limited, then the more users are on the Web and the more they download information, the more the speed drops, because there is less "free space".
There is also a dependence on the download speed of the sites you access. For example, if at the time of loading the server can give the user data at a speed of less than 10 Mbps, then even if you have the maximum tariff plan connected, you will not achieve more.

Factors that also affect internet speed:

When checking, the speed of the server you are accessing.
Setting and speed of the Wi-Fi router, if you are connected through it to the local network.
At the time of the scan, all programs and applications running on the computer.
Firewalls and antiviruses that run in the background.
Settings for your operating system and the computer itself.

How to increase internet speed

If there is malware or unwanted software on your computer, it can slow down your internet connection. Trojans, viruses, worms, etc. that got into the computer can take part of the channel bandwidth for their needs. To neutralize them, you must use anti-virus applications.

If you use Wi-Fi that is not password protected, then other users who are not averse to using free traffic will usually connect to it. Be sure to set a password to connect to Wi-Fi.

Reduce the speed and parallel running programs. For example, simultaneous download managers, Internet messengers, automatic OS updates lead to an increase in processor load and therefore the speed of the Internet connection decreases.

These actions, in some cases, help to increase the speed of the Internet:

If you have a high Internet connection, and the speed leaves much to be desired, increase the port bandwidth. To do this is quite simple. Go to "Control Panel", then to "System" and to the "Hardware" section, then click on "Device Manager". Find "Ports (COM or LPT)", then expand their contents and look for "Serial Port (COM 1)".

After that, right-click and open "Properties". After that, a window will open in which you need to go to the "Port Settings" column. Find the "Speed" parameter (bits per second) and click on the number 115200 - then OK! Congratulations! Now you have increased the throughput of the port. Since the speed is set to 9600 bps by default.

To increase the speed, you can also try disabling the QoS packet scheduler: Run the gpedit.msc utility (Start - Run or Search - gpedit.msc). Next: Computer Configuration - Administrative Templates - Network - QoS Packet Scheduler - Limit Reserved Bandwidth - Enable - set to 0%. Click "Apply" and restart your computer.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth- a metric characteristic showing the ratio of the maximum number of passing units (information, objects, volume) per unit of time through a channel, system, node.

Used in various fields:

in communications and computer science PS - the maximum achievable amount of passing information;
in transport P. S. - the number of units of transport;
in mechanical engineering - the volume of passing air (oils, lubricants).

It can be measured in various, sometimes highly specialized, units - pieces, bit / sec, tons, cubic meters, etc.

In computer science, the definition of bandwidth is usually applied to a communication channel and is defined as the maximum amount of information transmitted or received per unit of time.
Bandwidth is one of the most important factors from the user's point of view. It is estimated by the amount of data that the network, in the limit, can transfer per unit of time from one device connected to it to another.

Channel capacity

The highest possible information transfer rate in a given channel is called its bandwidth. The channel capacity is the information transfer rate when using the “best” (optimal) source, encoder and decoder for a given channel, therefore it characterizes only the channel.

Bandwidth of a discrete (digital) channel without interference

C = log(m) bits/symbol

where m is the base of the signal code used in the channel. The rate of information transfer in a discrete channel without noise (ideal channel) is equal to its capacity, when the characters in the channel are independent, and all m characters of the alphabet are equally likely (used equally often).

Neural Network Bandwidth

The throughput of a neural network is the arithmetic mean between the volumes of processed and generated information by a neural network per unit of time.

What is the bandwidth of communication channels?

In order to familiarize yourself with and understand the new term, you need to know what a communication channel is. In simple terms, communication channels are devices and means through which transmission is carried out at a distance. For example, communication between computers is carried out thanks to fiber optic and cable networks. In addition, a method of communication over a radio channel is common (a computer connected to a modem or a Wi-Fi network).

Bandwidth is the maximum speed of information transfer in one specific unit of time.

Typically, the following units are used to denote throughput:

Bandwidth measurement

Bandwidth measurement is a rather important operation. It is carried out in order to find out the exact speed of the Internet connection. The measurement can be carried out using the following steps:

The simplest is to download a large file and send it to the other end. The disadvantage is that it is not possible to determine the accuracy of the measurement.
In addition, you can use the speedtest.net resource. The service allows you to measure the width of the Internet channel "leading" to the server. However, this method is also not suitable for a holistic measurement, the service provides data on the entire line to the server, and not on a specific communication channel. In addition, the object being measured does not have access to the global Internet.
The optimal solution for measuring will be the Iperf client-server utility. It allows you to measure the time, the amount of data transferred. After the operation is completed, the program provides the user with a report.

Thanks to the above methods, you can easily measure the real speed of the Internet connection. If the readings do not meet current needs, then you may need to consider changing providers.

Bandwidth calculation

In order to find and calculate the throughput of a communication line, it is necessary to use the Shannon-Hartley theorem. It says: you can find the bandwidth of a communication channel (line) by calculating the mutual relationship between the potential bandwidth, as well as the bandwidth of the communication line. The formula for calculating throughput is as follows:

I=Glog 2 (1+A s /A n).

In this formula, each element has its own meaning:

I- stands for the maximum throughput setting.
G- parameter of the bandwidth intended for signal transmission.
A s/ A n- ratio of noise and signal.

The Shannon-Hartley theorem suggests that to reduce external noise or increase signal strength, it is best to use a wide data cable.

Signal transmission methods

To date, there are three main ways to transmit a signal between computers:

Radio transmission.
Data transmission by cable.
Data transmission via fiber optic connections.

Each of these methods has individual characteristics of communication channels, which will be discussed below.

The advantages of information transmission via radio channels include: versatility of use, ease of installation and configuration of such equipment. As a rule, a radio transmitter is used to receive and method. It can be a modem for a computer or a Wi-Fi adapter.

The disadvantages of this transmission method include unstable and relatively low speed, greater dependence on the presence of radio towers, as well as the high cost of use (mobile Internet is almost twice as expensive as “stationary Internet”).

The advantages of data transmission over a cable are: reliability, ease of operation and maintenance. Information is transmitted by means of an electric current. Relatively speaking, current under a certain voltage moves from point A to point B. A is later converted into information. Wires perfectly withstand temperature changes, bending and mechanical stress. The disadvantages include unstable speed, as well as deterioration of the connection due to rain or thunderstorms.

Perhaps the most advanced data transmission technology at the moment is the use of fiber optic cable. Millions of tiny glass tubes are used in the design of communication channels of a network of communication channels. And the signal transmitted through them is a light pulse. Since the speed of light is several times higher than the speed of current, this technology has made it possible to speed up the Internet connection by several hundred times.

The disadvantages include the fragility of fiber optic cables. Firstly, they do not withstand mechanical damage: broken tubes cannot transmit a light signal through themselves, and sudden temperature changes lead to their cracking. Well, the increased radiation background makes the tubes cloudy - because of this, the signal may deteriorate. In addition, the fiber optic cable is difficult to repair if it breaks, so you have to completely change it.

The foregoing suggests that over time, communication channels and networks of communication channels are improved, which leads to an increase in the data transfer rate.

Average throughput of communication lines

From the foregoing, we can conclude that communication channels are different in their properties, which affect the speed of information transfer. As mentioned earlier, communication channels can be wired, wireless and based on the use of fiber optic cables. The last type of creation of data transmission networks is the most effective. And its average bandwidth of the communication channel is 100 Mbps.

What is a beat? How is bit rate measured?

Bit rate is a measure of the speed of a connection. Calculated in bits, the smallest units of information storage, for 1 second. It was inherent in communication channels in the era of the “early development” of the Internet: at that time, text files were mainly transmitted on the global web.

Now the basic unit of measurement is 1 byte. It, in turn, is equal to 8 bits. Beginning users very often make a gross mistake: they confuse kilobits and kilobytes. This gives rise to bewilderment when a channel with a bandwidth of 512 kbps does not live up to expectations and gives a speed of only 64 KB / s. In order not to be confused, you need to remember that if bits are used to denote speed, then the entry will be made without abbreviations: bits / s, kbit / s, kbit / s or kbps.

Factors Affecting Internet Speed

As you know, the final speed of the Internet also depends on the bandwidth of the communication channel. Also, the speed of information transfer is affected by:

Connection methods.

Radio waves, cables and fiber optic cables. The properties, advantages and disadvantages of these connection methods have been discussed above.

Server load.

The busier the server is, the slower it receives or transmits files and signals.

External interference.

The strongest interference affects the connection created using radio waves. This is caused by cell phones, radios, and other radio receivers and transmitters.

Status of network equipment.

Of course, the connection methods, the state of the servers and the presence of interference play an important role in providing high-speed Internet. However, even if the above indicators are normal, and the Internet has a low speed, then the matter is hidden in the network equipment of the computer. Modern network cards are capable of supporting an Internet connection at speeds up to 100 Mbps. Previously, cards could provide a maximum throughput of 30 and 50 Mbps, respectively.

How to increase internet speed?

As mentioned earlier, the bandwidth of the communication channel depends on many factors: the connection method, server performance, the presence of noise and interference, as well as the state of network equipment. To increase the connection speed in a domestic environment, you can replace network equipment with more advanced ones, as well as switch to a different connection method (from radio waves to cable or fiber optics).

Finally

As a summary, it is worth saying that the bandwidth of the communication channel and the speed of the Internet are not the same thing. To calculate the first value, you must use the Shannon-Hartley law. According to him, noise can be reduced, as well as signal strength can be increased by replacing the transmission channel with a wider one.

Increasing the speed of the Internet connection is also possible. But it is carried out by changing the provider, changing the connection method, improving network equipment, as well as fencing devices for transmitting and receiving information from sources that cause interference.

Internet bandwidth is primarily important for users, as it determines the speed of data transfer and comfortable work on the Internet.

It is estimated based on an analysis of the network's ability to transmit information to one connected device. The data transfer rate depends on the selection of the optimal source, encoder and decoder for a given channel.

Separate the concepts of nominal and effective speed. The nominal bandwidth determines the bandwidth during the operation of system and user applications, the effective one - only when the network is loaded with user programs.

To determine the speed of the Internet connection, special network tests are carried out. They allow you to measure the capabilities of the channel, determine the real speed, which, by the way, often does not correspond to the one declared in the tariff plan.

What determines the speed test:

incoming - an indicator of the operation of downloading (download) data to your PC from the Internet;
outgoing - the characteristic of the return (upload) of the transmission of information from your PC to the network;
ping (ping) - the hourly interval that is required to send a data packet from a PC to the provider's server and back (determines the time the Internet page is opened);
testing time - when the test was carried out, the result indicators can be compared with the current ones to check for changes.

The bandwidth of the router depends on the type of cable (standard, fiber optic, etc.), the provider, and the load on the network at the current moment. As a result of the test, you get not always objective data, which rarely coincide with those declared in the tariff plan, but in any case, the throughput indicator should not deviate by more than 10%.

How to determine throughput

The throughput test is an elementary set of measures to verify compliance with the terms of the contract. It is also worth conducting if you think that the Internet speed is lower than expected.

It is carried out using special online servers. Before proceeding with the test, you should disable all download programs (torrent, mediaget, flashget, etc.). If Internet radio, email clients, Skype, ICQ and similar programs are running, they should also be terminated through the task manager. It is also recommended to close anti-virus programs that may be updated.

Testing instruction

A unit of measure for the bandwidth of a data transmission channel. Channel bandwidth measurement. Overall equipment performance

Methods for calculating the throughput of pipelines